The commercial exploitation of Henrietta Lacks MK Ultra revision of human radiation experimentation history video too
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On February 1, 2010, I was surprised and happy to see Mrs. Henrietta Lacks open up the internet on the first day of Black History Month. But, I soon became disillusioned when I realized that her life had been rewritten, marginalized and commercialized by a romancer, while the perpetrators of crimes against her (humanity) had been veiled.

According to a romanced history of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skott, she entered Johns Hopkins University clinic suffering from bleeding from a cancerous cervical tumor. A doctor sliced a tissue culture from her tumor and it just so happened to grow on its own into the infamous and extremely profitable Immortal HeLa Cell Line. For the first time in recorded medical history, human tissue cells survived the death of its host. Henrietta Lacks had been some sort of remarkable freak of nature, and Johns Hopkins University had been an auspicious benevolent bystander of medical history.[1] Nothing could have been further from the truth.

I first discovered Henrietta Lacks in Dr. Alan Cantwell’s book, AIDS and the Doctors of Death.[2] I followed up and read about Mrs. Lacks in Michael Gold’s Conspiracy of Cells, One Woman’s Immortal Legacy and the Medical Scandal It Caused,[3] which is now out of print.

For Mrs. Lacks and ten-thousands of innocent unwitting victims, the 1950’s was a terrible time of this nation’s most horrific and callous human medical experimentation abuses. It was the time of covert cold-war human radiation experiments conducted under a veil of secrecy by some of the leading universities of the nation including Johns Hopkins University.

Dated April 17, 1947, an Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) memorandum, stamped SECRET and addressed to the attention of a Dr. Fidler, at the AEC in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, reads in part as follows: “Subject: EXPERIMENTS ON HUMANS

“1. It is desired that no document be released which refers to experiments with humans and might have adverse effect on public opinion or result in legal suits. Documents covering such work field should be classified `secret’.” [4]

Oak Ridge Associated Universities is a consortium of U.S. universities headquartered in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, with an office in Washington, D.C. The organization was first established in 1946 as the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies (ORINS) by a consortium of southern universities. Its original purpose was to advance science and technology education and research by providing its member institutions with access to the atomic energy research facilities and materials of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

In 1949, Russia exploded its first atomic weapon. In response, President Harry Truman called for atomic testing of nuclear weapons in the continental United States in addition to testing in the Pacific. Some of the first studies of the effects of radium began on beagle dogs at the University of Utah and the University of California at Davis.

In 1950, Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies (ORINS) opened a hospital where it conducted clinical research for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission on the use of radiation and radioactive materials in cancer treatment. The hospital treated patients until the mid-1970s. ORINS also conducted training courses in radioisotopes and established resident training programs in nuclear medicine.

In 1951, the first U.S. atomic test occurred in Nevada; five bombs were detonated on successive days. Also, the U.S. began some of first studies investigating the health of plutonium workers at Los Alamos began.

Johns Hopkins University was an ORINS Consortium University involved in classified human radiation experimentation for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. In the 1980s, clinical research at ORINS consortium universities was the subject of investigation by the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments.

“We were taking care of them, and felt we had a right to get some return from them, since it wouldn’t be in professional fees and since our taxes were paying their hospital bills. -Dr. Paul Beeson-Yale University-1950’s Human Radiation Experimentation-

Not unlike thousands of others that were poor and powerless without the resources to pay for quality medical services, Henrietta Lacks entered into a pact with the devil with Johns Hopkins during her 5th pregnancy.

On February 1, 1951, 30-year-old Lacks was seen at a Jim Crow ORINS Consortium Johns Hopkins University clinic in Baltimore, MD for vaginal bleeding, which was not particularly unusual for benign cervical cancers. However, Mrs. Lacks’ tumor quickly developed into cervical sarcoma, a malignant tumor (Papillomavirus type 16) of the cervix. [5]

Six weeks prior, Johns Hopkins had delivered Mrs. Lacks’ 5th child, Joseph. For whatever reasons, doctors had particularly noted at that time during a post-natal examination that there was nothing out of the ordinary in the wall of her cervix. What were they looking for? Cancer.

Between 1945 and 1947, approximately 800 pregnant women were secretly given radioactive iron “cocktails” during their treatment at the Vanderbilt University Prenatal Clinic in Nashville to study iron metabolism during pregnancy. The Rockefeller Foundation funded the covert irradiation human guinea pig program. [6]

At the University of Tennessee Memphis during the late 1940′s, seven male infants (one white and six black) were secretly fed radioactive iodine. The covert program was funded by the U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION to check for hypothyroidism. [7]

At the State University of Iowa, seventeen newborn infants received intramuscular radioiodine to study thyroidal uptake. Eight newborns received oral radioiodine. This covert program was also funded by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. [8]

During the 1950’s, UC Berkeley had secretly injected radioisotope phosphorus-32 into pregnant women, before and after delivery. UC Berkeley had also conducted experimental total body X-ray irradiation of patients to determine occupational risk for workers on the WWII Manhattan Project.[9]

Between 1946 and 1958, the U.S. exploded 67 atomic and hydrogen bombs at Bikini and Enewetok in the Marshall Islands. The Rongelap people of the islands were deliberated exposed to radiation fallout from the bombs, because the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission’s Advisory Committee on Biology and Medicine found it a “…opportunity for a useful genetic study of the effects on these people.” [10] In the Marshall Islands, cervical cancer mortality is 60 times greater than in the mainland United States.

As part her therapy for cervical cancer, a Johns Hopkins surgeon, Dr, Lawrence Wharton, Jr., stitched a tube containing 4800 mg-h of radium capsules to the wall of Mrs. Lacks’ cervix for twenty-four hours with 111500 Roentgen X-Ray therapies. The radium and x-ray therapies were presumed to slow down mitosis (splitting) of the cancerous cells. The radium was provided by the U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION USA, OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE. [11]

Radium is an alkaline earth metal that is found in trace amounts in uranium ores. It is extremely radioactive. Its most stable isotope, Ra, has a half-life of 1602 years and decays into radon gas. [12]

As the surgeon removed the radium capsules at that point he took a biopsy of Mrs. Lacks’ cancerous tumor and normal tissue. [13] On February 9, 1951, Dr. Wharton then sent the radium and Roentgen X-Ray laced tissues and the normal tissues for study to Johns Hopkins Tissue Culture Laboratory ran by German descendent Dr. George Otto Gey and his wife Margaret. For whatever reasons, the radium and x-ray therapies had the opposite effect it exploded mitosis of the cancerous cells at an atomic/nuclear rate which within months consumed Mrs. Lacks’ entire body and organs. The Gey’s said sarcastically that Mrs. Lacks’ tissue cells grew like “crabgrass.”

Contrary to Ms. Skott’s subtle attempt to rewrite Mrs. Lacks’ medical history and steer us clear of Mrs. Lacks’ radium tissue infectivity, Dr. Gey’s HeLa cell culture was the U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION USA, OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE radium tainted super charged tissue, and it continued to literally microscopically atomically explode in mitosis in the air in infinity.

On October 4, 1951, Mrs. Lacks’ life expired after great sadness and suffering. She passed away poor in a racially segregated ward of Johns Hopkins University Hospital. An autopsy was taken of Mrs. Lacks in the basement of the hospital. Dr. Ella Oppenheimer of Johns Hopkins preformed the autopsy instead of a local coroner. Dr. Oppenheimer was a prominent member of Baltimore’s aristocratic society. Dr. Oppenheimer was the chief of the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health, Washington, D. C., Department of Public Health.

In 1948, Oppenheimer’s Child Bureau funded radium irradiation experiments on poor helpless hearing impaired children at a clinic in Hagerstown, MD by her Johns Hopkins colleague, Dr. Samuel J. Crowe. [14]

When Dr. Gey found that Mrs. Lacks had passed and the university planned an autopsy, he anxiously made his attendance at the autopsy to seize more of Mrs. Lacks’ tissues.

Dr. Gey had discovered that Mrs. Lacks’ tumor cells were the first human cells to live after the death of its host. It may have been one of the most monumental breakthroughs in modern medical science. It was the world’s first and only human cell line. It meant million for Johns Hopkins University and international fame, glory and riches for Dr. Gey; and the continued racist exploitation, poverty, and mourning for Mrs. Lacks’ young powerless and unknowing family.

According to Ms. Skott’s account, at the death of Mrs. Lacks on October 4, Dr. George Gey went on national television in a press conference to announce his revolutionary breakthrough discovery in cancer research. “He held up a vial of Lacks’ cells, calling them, for the first time, HeLa cells.” [15]

Dr. Gey said that the HeLa cell line was named after “Harriet Lane.“ [16] Most assume that Dr. Gey deliberately misnamed the cell tissue donor to preserve Mrs. Lacks’ anonymity. However, the motive behind Gey’s lie was far more self-serving, cynical and condescending. It was a sick inside joke. It was coded.

Mrs. Harriet Lane Johnston was a widow of a Baltimore banker Henry Johnston. She left a sum of over $400,000 at her death in 1903 to establish the Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children at Johns Hopkins as a memorial to two sons who had died in childhood. She was the niece of President James Buchanan and served as First Lady of the White House during her uncle’s term of office. [17]

At the time of the Dr. Gey’s press conference, the Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children was a covert CIA-MK ULTRA human guinea pig ranch. Children were regularly taken from a Pediatric Clinical Research Unit at Harriet Lane to Walter Reed Medical Center in Washington D.C. for CIA-MK ULTRA drug and mind control experiments.[18] Since the late 1940’s, Johns Hopkins had been a major covert CIA human guinea pig institution. [19]

Also during the time of Dr. Gey’s press conference, there were even more sinister covert human medical experimentations taking place at Johns Hopkins. From 1948-1954, Johns Hopkins University Hospital ran a covert Nasal Radium Irradiation human medical experiment on 291 elementary students from Baltimore City public schools. Each child was irradiated with radium for 12 minutes in each nostril, 50 milligrams per dose, on at least three separate occasions. The experiment was known as research project B-19. It was funded by the National Institutes of Health, then a division of the U.S. Public Health Service. Most of the poor children subjected to the radium experiment later suffered greatly from malignant cancerous tumors of the brain, neck, mouth and throat. Some of them, all of their teeth fell out. It was another hideous inhumane U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION project of Dr. Samuel J. Crowe. [20]

After I discovered Mrs. Lacks’ unique story in Dr. Cantwell’s book and Michael Gold’s Conspiracy of Cells in late 1993 or early 1994, I wrote to two well-known female authors and activists on the East Coast. In the letter, I explained how this unknown and uncelebrated poor Black woman’s cell tissue had revolutionized medical science. I asked them to inquire to find out if her family had been compensated. The royalties to the HeLa Cell Lines should have been worth millions. I also mailed them a copy of Dr. Cantwell’s book, “AIDS and the Doctors of Death.”

Either one of them respectfully responded. One evening, I was walking past De Lauer’s Newsstand in Downtown Oakland when instinct told me to look in the store’s window. I looked. There she was on the front cover, “Henrietta Lacks: An Unsung Hero”, Emerge Magazine, October 1994. One of the sisters had sold or gave the story to Harriet A. Washington, a house Negro Harvard journalist to control and spin for mass public consumption.

Ms. Washington is a medical ethicist and writer whose work focuses upon the intersection of biotechnology, ethics and the history of medicine. She has been housed at Harvard, DePaul; and Stanford University,[21] the handmaiden of the military-industrial-medical-congressional complex. The Harriet Lacks’ story opened a marketable career for her. She went on to author a best selling book, Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation with African Americans from the Colonial Era to the Present.

The book earned Ms. Washington many awards including a 2007 PEN Award, the 2007 National Book Critics Circle Award for Nonfiction, and she was rewarded for her work with a Science Desk Award funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

Her reward from Alfred P. Sloan screams, it is a major eugenics and CIA/MK ULTRA institution, “The Sloan Foundation (1) supported black educational initiatives consistent with COINTELPRO Black Nationalist Hate Campaign, (2) administered mass-media-public-persuasion experiments completely consistent with the CIA’s Project MK ULTRA-efforts to develop brainwashing technologies and drugs to affect large populations, (3) funded much of the earliest cancer research involving the genetic engineering of mutant viruses, (4) began major funding of the National Academy of Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (for “neuroscience” and molecular genetics research), the Salk Institute (for viral research), and the Scientists’ Institute for Public Information between 1968 and 1970, (5) funded population control studies by Planned Parenthood-World Population, New York, N.Y…” [22]

A friend and cousin of Ben Chavis, President of the NAACP, on the East Coast at that time told me that as result of the Emerge story the Lacks family had been compensated by special legislation of the State of Maryland. I had no way to determine if the story was true or not, it may have been deliberate misinformation. Was the Lacks Family compensated by Johns Hopkins for the seizure of her tissues without her informed consent? I don’t believe that they were. Was Mrs. Lacks a human radiation guinea pig? I believe so.

Mrs. Lacks was no freak of nature. She was a normal human being just like my own mother. She trusted her nation and it betrayed her; family and legacy. They intentionally turned her body into a cold-war radium test tube for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission like something out of Nazi Germany.

Henrietta’s son, Joseph, born six weeks before her diagnosis of cervical cancer had spinal bifida, a split in the backbone that causes paralysis. Spinal bifida, which is not usually considered a genetic disease. According to Zakaryiyya Rahman (Joseph) Lacks, he spent the first year of his life in a Johns Hopkins ward suffering from the birth defect. Spinal bifida is a side effect of Agent Orange;[23] and radiation contamination.[24] They killed her and continue to profit from their wrongdoing and crimes against humanity.

There was also a sinister side of HeLa. For the first time in medical history, military-industrial complex scientist had human cell lines that they could use as some sort of mixer to create new forms of mutant diseases like AIDS that the world has never seen before by coaxing animal and bird viruses into human cells for covert military genetic and biological warfare projects.

I have subsequently concluded that one of the sisters I first informed about Mrs. Lacks was working for the military-industrial complex. She was a senior psychiatrist at St. Elizabeth’s Mental Hospital in Washington DC. She was there all along with Dr. Winfred Overholser, the superintendent of St. Elizabeth.

As early as 1942, General William Donovan, chief of the Office of Strategic Services, the precursor to the CIA, had created a covert psychological research program under the direction of Dr. Winfred Overholser at St. Elizabeth. Dr. Oversholser was at the heart of all of the Nazi inspired CIA projects using unsuspecting civilian guinea pigs — BLUEBIRD, ARTICHOKE, MKULTRA, MIDNIGHT CLIMAX and others. [25]

St. Elizabeth’s Mental Hospital had been a covert MK ULTRA institution for decades. She had been at St. Elizabeth for decades and never mentioned Nazis, Oversholser, the CIA, mind control or MK ULTRA in any of her books or lectures. In fact, she retained the German surname of her long lost divorced German husband, and I had failed to suspect her of anything but having undying love of her people. For decades, I failed to see it because I had so much love and respect for the sister. I was blind. All along, she must have been one of them, Dr. Frances Chess-Welsing.

On January 15, 1994, President William Clinton established the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments to investigate questions of the record of the United States government with respect to human radiation experiments. The whitewash special committee was chaired by you know who, Ruth R. Faden, M.P.H., PhD of Johns Hopkins.[26] Johns Hopkins hideous B-19 Project-Radium Irradiation human medical experiment on 291 elementary students was tagged therapeutic treatment and buried on the back pages of its final report. [27]

The Nuremberg Code is a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation instituted as a result of the Nuremberg Nazi War Crimes Trials at the end of the Second World War. The Nuremberg Code includes such principles as informed consent and absence of coercion; properly formulated scientific experimentation; and beneficence towards experiment participants. [28]

The physicians, universities and hospitals that participated in secret MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS ON HUMANS for the CIA and U.S. Atomic Energy Commission deliberately and knowingly retreated from the clear principles enunciated in the Nuremberg Code; the Declaration of Helsinki; the Declaration of Human Rights; and the Hippocratic Oath. As of this date, not one of them, individual or institution, has been prosecuted or charged with crimes against humanity. Not one of them has apologized for the thousandths of unwitting victims that they had deliberately disfigured, maimed, destroyed and murdered. In order to insure that unethical human experimentation does not happen again, all violations of the Code must be publicized, the violators punished, and the universality of the Nuremberg Code be upheld.

The romancers want to create an illusion that Mrs. Lacks is stereotypically dancing in the sky knowing that her tissue cells helped mankind. God’s children want her family compensated, and those that violated and tortured her held responsible for crimes against humanity.

For Black History Month, keep your eyes on the prize- Truth and Justice for Mrs. Henrietta Lacks, her Family and thousandths of unwitting American civilians deliberatively turned into radioactive human lab rats by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, and MK ULTRA.


Immortal Henrietta Lacks youtube

Henrietta Lacks A Story That MUST BE TOLD
EXCERPT:
Eternal Life
By LISA MARGONELLI
Published: February 5, 2010
From the very beginning there was something uncanny about the cancer cells on Henrietta Lacks’s cervix. Even before killing Lacks herself in 1951, they took on a life of their own. Removed during a biopsy and cultured without her permission, the HeLa cells (named from the first two letters of her first and last names) reproduced boisterously in a lab at Johns Hopkins — the first human cells ever to do so. HeLa became an instant biological celebrity, traveling to research labs all over the world. Meanwhile Lacks, a vivacious 31-year-old African-American who had once been a tobacco farmer, tended her five children and endured scarring radiation treatments in the hospital’s “colored” ward.

From “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks”
Henrietta and David Lacks, circa 1945.

THE IMMORTAL LIFE OF HENRIETTA LACKS

By Rebecca Skloot
Illustrated. 369 pp. Crown Publishers. $26

Excerpt: ‘The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks’ (March 3, 2010)
Second Opinion: A Lasting Gift to Medicine That Wasn’t Really a Gift (February 2, 2010)
Dwight Garner’s Review of ‘The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks’ (February 3, 2010)After Henrietta Lacks’s death, HeLa went viral, so to speak, becoming the godmother of virology and then biotech, benefiting practically anyone who’s ever taken a pill stronger than aspirin.

Henrietta Lacks a story that must be told wikipedia
EXCERPT:
Legacy
In the early 1970s, the family started getting calls from researchers who wanted blood samples from them to learn the family's genetics. The family wondered why and this is when they learned about the removal of Henrietta's cells. No one else in the family had the traits that made her cells unique.[1]

The cells from Henrietta's tumor were given to researcher George Gey, who "discovered that [Henrietta's] cells did something they'd never seen before: They could be kept alive and grow."[13] Gey named the sample "HeLa", after the initial letters of Henrietta Lacks' name. As the first human cells that could be grown in a lab and were "immortal" (did not die after a few cell divisions), they could then be used for conducting many experiments. This represented an enormous boon to medical and biological research.[1] According to reporter Michael Rogers, the growth of HeLa by a researcher at the hospital helped answer the demands of the 10,000 who marched for a cure to polio just shortly before Lacks' death. By 1954, HeLa was being used by Jonas Salk to develop a vaccine for polio.[1][11] To test Salk's new vaccine, the cells were quickly put into mass production in the first-ever cell production factory.[14] Demand for the HeLa cells quickly grew. Since they were put into mass production, Henrietta's cells have been mailed to scientists around the globe for "research into cancer, AIDS, the effects of radiation and toxic substances, gene mapping, and countless other scientific pursuits".[11] HeLa cells have been used to test human sensitivity to tape, glue, cosmetics, and many other products.[1] Scientists have grown some 20 tons of her cells.[1][15] Doctors still have not discovered the reason for HeLa cells' unique vigor. There are almost 11,000 patents involving HeLa cells.[1]

In 1996, Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta, Georgia and the mayor of Atlanta recognized the late Henrietta Lacks' family for her posthumous contributions.[16] Her life was commemorated annually by Turners Station residents for a few years after Morehouse's commemoration. A Congressional resolution in her honor was presented by Robert Ehrlich following soon after the first commemoration of her, her family, and her contributions to science in Turners Station.

In 1998, Modern Times: The Way of All Flesh, a one-hour BBC documentary on Lacks and HeLa directed by Adam Curtis, won the Best Science and Nature Documentary at the San Francisco International Film Festival. Immediately following the film's airing in 1997, an article on HeLa cells, Lacks, and her family was published by reporter Jacques Kelly in the Baltimore Sun. In the 1990s the Dundalk Eagle published the first article on her in a newspaper in Baltimore City and Baltimore County, and it continues to announce upcoming local commemorative activities. The Lacks family was also honored at the Smithsonian Institution.[17] In 2001, it was announced that the National Foundation for Cancer Research would be honoring "the late Henrietta Lacks for the contributions made to cancer research and modern medicine" on September 14. Because of the events of September 11, 2001 the event was canceled.[18]

Events in the Turners Station's community have also commemorated the contributions of others including Mary Kubicek, the laboratory assistant who discovered that HeLa cells lived outside the body, as well as Dr. Gey and his nurse wife, Margaret Gey, who together after over 20 years of attempts were eventually able to grow human cells outside of the body.[1]

In her 2010 book, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Rebecca Skloot documents the histories of both the HeLa cell line and the Lacks family. Henrietta's husband, David Lacks, was told little following her death. Suspicions fueled by racial issues prevalent in the South were compounded by issues of class and education. For their part, members of the Lacks family were kept in the dark about the existence of the tissue line, and when its existence was revealed, family members were confused about how Henrietta's cells could have been taken without consent and how they could still be alive 50 years after her death.[17]

Skloot also told the story of Henrietta Lacks on an episode of Radiolab,[19] in which she mentioned that despite the contributions of Henrietta Lacks' cells to medicine and science, Lacks' own family does not have health insurance to be able to benefit from the medical discoveries made with her cells. The episode features audio footage of Skloot and Deborah traveling together, as well as footage of Deborah Lacks talking about her mother's cells. In May 2010, The Virginian-Pilot published two articles on Lacks, HeLa, and her family,[1][20] which mentions that the Morehouse School of Medicine has donated the money for Henrietta's grave as well as her daughter Elsie, who died in 1955, to finally have headstones. Her grandchildren wrote her epitaph: "Henrietta Lacks August 01, 1920 - October 04, 1951 In loving memory of a phenomenal woman, wife and mother who touched the lives of many. Here lies Henrietta Lacks (HeLa). Her immortal cells will continue to help mankind forever. Eternal Love and Admiration, From Your Family"[1][20]

In May 2010, HBO announced that Oprah Winfrey and Alan Ball would develop a film project based on Skloot's book.[20]

On May 17, 2010, NBC ran a fictionalized version of Lacks' story on Law & Order, titled "Immortal". An article in Slate called the episode "shockingly close to the true story."[21]

Ella Oppenheimer
EXCERPT:
The foregoing brief account of the activities of the Department of Pathology in the years since 1930 is accurate but, in one important respect, it is incomplete (and understandably so).

There is no mention of the extraordinary contributions of Dr. Ella H. Oppenheimer throughout these years.

From the day that Dr. MacCallum assigned to "Miss Oppenheimer" the task of compiling the first diagnostic index of the Department's autopsy files, she quietly assumed more and more responsibility for maintaining this index, for keeping departmental records, for scheduling the course for undergraduate students, and for assembling and reviewing the teaching collections, both gross and microscopic.

There is no doubt whatsoever in my mind that the quiet, efficient, unselfish devotion of this remarkable lady to these supposedly mundane but actually essential tasks has been the major factor in the continuing excellence of this Department. Through the years, many members of the staff have come and gone, some to become internationally famous for their research and academic accomplishments. All are in her debt and, furthermore, all know it and admit it. Dr. Oppenheimer has remained, holding the Department on course, and giving it substance, dependability, and continuity.

Although she became Mrs. Henry S. Miller and took time off to give birth to two children, she remained "Miss Oppenheimer" to Dr. MacCallum. I daresay that her work in the Department was less disrupted by the birth of her children than it was, in later years, when grandchildren began to make their appearance!

A devoted teacher, she has spent countless hours with students and with residents. She was (and still is) always available to look at an interesting slide or to work off a case. She has found time to make many contributions to the literature, particularly in her special field of interest, pediatric pathology. Most of these (save a few, long ago) are not the results of laboratory experiments but are derived from careful analysis and correlation of case material, made possible by her superb index.

Many is a resident she has reminded - first gently and then, failing a response - somewhat more vigorously - that he is behind in his cases. It is a fair comparison to say that she mothered us all along the way by whatever means a mother must use to keep the young (or not so young) in line.

"Miss Oppenheimer" she remained to Dr. MacCallum, "Dr. Oppenheimer" to students and residents, but to her colleagues on the staff, she was just "Ella." How she spoiled them! They took her records and schedules for granted only to learn later and elsewhere that these are the products of time, trouble, and devoted interest.

On innumerable occasions during visits to other University departments of pathology, I have had occasion to learn that Dr. Oppenheimer is properly appreciated elsewhere, even if we take her for granted at home.